Virulence genotyping and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from meat and meat products in Egypt / Genotipagem de virulência e perfis de resistência antimicrobiana de Yersinia enterocolitica isolados de carne e derivados no Egito

Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. enterocolitica) is one of the food-borne entero-pathogen responsible for yersiniosis in humans. The purpose of this research was to survey the prevalence, virulence-associated genes, and antimicrobial resistance of Y. enterocolitica isolated from meat and meat product samples in Egypt. Forty-one (5.9%) out of 700- samples of chicken meat, beef, ground beef, and sausage were positive Y. enterocolitica with a high prevalence in chicken meat (12%). Five virulence genes (ail, inv, ystA, ystB, and yadA) were characterized among 41 Y. enterocolitica isolates with variable frequencies. Among the strains tested, the ystB gene was detected with a high percentage (78.1%), followed by inv gene (70.7%), ail gene (14.6%), ystA gene (12.2%), and yadA gene (2.4%). A high resistance rate was estimated to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%), followed by cefazolin (95%), ampicillin (65.9%), and doxycycline (51.2%), whilst a high sensitivity rate was observed to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (97.6% each). Interestingly, the multidrug resistance was specified in the 70.7% of strains and showing 13 resistance patterns. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s rRNA gene, the phylogenetic tree showed the genetic relatedness amongst Y. enterocolitica isolates. These findings highlighted the emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant pathogenic Y. entrocolitica in retailed meat and meat products in Egypt.

A Yersinia enterocolitica patogênica (Y. enterocolitica) é um dos enteropatógenos de origem alimentar responsáveis pela yersiniose no ser humano. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a prevalência, genes associados à virulência e resistência antimicrobiana de Y. enterocolitica isolada de amostras de carne e produtos à base de carne no Egito. Quarenta e um (5,9%) de 700 amostras de carne de frango, carne bovina, moída e linguiça foram Y. enterocolitica positivas, com alta prevalência em carne de frango (12%). Cinco genes de virulência (ail, inv, ystA, ystB e yadA) foram caracterizados entre 41 isolados de Y. enterocolitica com frequências variáveis. Entre as cepas testadas, o gene ystB foi detectado com uma alta porcentagem (78,1%), seguido pelo gene inv (70,7%), ail genes (14,6%), gene ystA (12,2%) e gene yadA (2,4%). Foi estimada uma alta taxa de resistência ao ácido amoxicilina-clavulânico (100%), seguida de cefazolina (95%), ampicilina (65,9%) e doxiciclina (51,2%), enquanto uma alta taxa de sensibilidade foi observada para gentamicina e ciprofloxacina (97,6% cada). Curiosamente, a resistência a múltiplas drogas foi especificada em 70,7% das cepas e mostrando 13 padrões de resistência. Com base na análise da sequência nucleotídica do gene rRNA 16s, a árvore filogenética mostrou a relação genética entre isolados de Y. enterocolitica. Esses achados destacaram o surgimento de Y. entrocolitica patogênica virulenta e multirresistente em carnes e produtos à base de carne no Egito.

Next-generation sequencing virulome analysis of a Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica bioserotype 4/O: 3 ST18 isolated from human blood in Brazil

Abstract Yersinia enterocolitica is a widespread Gram-negative bacterium that causes gastrointestinal disease and other clinical manifestations in humans. Potentially pathogenic Y. enterocolitica has been isolated in Brazil, from human, environmental, food, and animal sources. Herein we report a genome sequence of Y. enterocolitica subsp. palearctica strain YE 19, serotype O:3, biotype 4, sequence type 18, with virulence determinants isolated from human blood in Rio de Janeiro in 2005. The results corroborate other findings that this strain harbors a set of virulence determinants that could play a role in host pathoadaptation and may also justify the successful dissemination of bioserotype 4/O:3 in Brazil. The presence of strains harboring all of these virulence genes in Brazil is a potential threat to young children and immunocompromised individuals, for whom yersiniosis are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The results of a genomic data analysis will help understand the virulence of Brazilian strains and provide data for Y. enterocolitica studies worldwide.

Antimicrobial resistance and plasmid replicons in Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated in Brazil in 30 years

Abstract Some studies evaluated the resistance profile of the Y. enterocolitica strains isolated in diverse countries. However, in Brazil the isolation and the study of Y. enterocolitica are not common and therefore information about the antimicrobial resistance profile of this species in this country is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance of Y. enterocolitica of biotypes 1A, 2 and 4 isolated from clinical and non-clinical sources between 1979 and 2012, in Brazil. This study showed that some Yersinia enterocolitica of different biotypes remain susceptible to antimicrobials used for gastroenteritis treatment. Moreover, neither acquired resistance genes nor diversity of plasmids replicons were found; however, variation in the in vitro intrinsic resistant pattern was detected, except the non-resistance to cefoxitin in all strains. Notwithstanding, due to epidemiological link between Y. enterocolitica and the pork production chain, monitoring plasmid acquired resistance in Y. enterocolitica could also be considered for antimicrobial resistance control purposes and food safety measures.

Clonal study of avian Escherichia coli strains by fliC conserved-DNA-sequence regions analysis / Estudo clonal de Escherichia coli aviário por análise de seqüências de DNA conservadas do gene fliC

The clonal relationship among avian Escherichia coli strains and their genetic proximity with human pathogenic E. coli, Salmonela enterica, Yersinia enterocolitica and Proteus mirabilis, was determined by the DNA sequencing of the conserved 5' and 3'regions fliC gene (flagellin encoded gene). Among 30 commensal avian E. coli strains and 49 pathogenic avian E. coli strains (APEC), 24 commensal and 39 APEC strains harbored fliC gene with fragments size varying from 670bp to 1,900bp. The comparative analysis of these regions allowed the construction of a dendrogram of similarity possessing two main clusters: one compounded mainly by APEC strains and by H-antigens from human E. coli, and another one compounded by commensal avian E. coli strains, S. enterica, and by other H-antigens from human E. coli. Overall, this work demonstrated that fliC conserved regions may be associated with pathogenic clones of APEC strains, and also shows a great similarity among APEC and H-antigens of E. coli strains isolated from humans. These data, can add evidence that APEC strains can exhibit a zoonotic risk.(AU)

A relação clonal entre linhagens de Escherichia coli de origem aviária e sua proximidade genética com E. coli patogênica para humanos, Salmonella enterica, Yersinia enterocolitica e Proteus mirabilis foi determinada através da utilização das seqüências conservadas 5' e 3' do gene fliC (responsável pela codificação da flagelina). Entre as 30 linhagens comensais de E. coli aviária e as 49 linhagens patogênicas de E. coli para aves (APEC), 24 linhagens comensais e 39 APEC apresentaram o gene fliC, que foi encontrado em tamanhos que variam de 670pb a 1900pb. Um dendrograma representando similaridade genética foi obtido a partir do seqüenciamento das regiões 5' e 3' conservadas do gene fliC das linhagens de E. coli de origem aviária, das seqüências dos antígenos H de E. coli de origem humana, de S. enterica, Y. enterocolitica e de P. mirabilis. A análise do dendrograma demonstrou que este apresenta dois grupos principais: um composto principalmente por isolados APEC e por antígenos H de E. coli de origem humana e outro formado por isolados comensais de E. coli aviária, S. enterica e por antígenos H de E. coli. No geral, o presente trabalho demonstrou que as regiões conservadas do gene fliC podem estar associadas à diferenciação clonal de linhagens de E. coli aviária, e que existe uma grande similaridade genética entre estas linhagens e antígenos H de E. coli humana. Estes dados podem adicionar evidências de que linhagens APEC podem apresentar riscos zoonóticos.(AU)